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The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a nuclear transcriptional regulator that activates by binding to 1a,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1a,25(OH)2D), known as calcitriol, which forms a heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor (RXR). Calcitriol signalling plays a role in many biological effects, including calcium and phosphorous metabolic processes parathormone release, cell expansion and control of innate and adaptive immunity.

A T > C shift in the promoter of VDR variant (rs11568820) eliminates the binding site of transcription factor Cdx2 just upstream of exon 1. This leads to a smaller protein with decreased transcriptional activity. The F allele of this variant is observed at a high rate in Asians and Europeans and at a low frequency in Sub-Saharan Africa.

The results of this study advance our understanding of how VDR gene polymorphisms affect the response to dietary supplements with calcitriol. People who carry the TaqI polymorphism and the FF genotype of the FokI polymorphism have higher transcriptional activation of VDR and are associated with improved calcium absorption and bone mineral density and a decrease in the risk of fractures [34 35, 34]. Further research with an overall design is required to increase our understanding of how these genetic variations affect vitamin D supplementation and its clinical importance.